As to the Bus Pass , you do not have to have one, its not compulsory.
The Pass is done by the County Councils and Metro areas such as west midlands , London , Manchester etc.
You apply for it, it costs £100 to produce including your photo, plus your proof of ID such as Birth Certificate.
The Bus Operators claim this money in bulk quantifies regardless of where the holder lives, some from D of T, and local county councils.
Bus Cuts have been done by County Councillor's who were instructed by the Government to make cuts , and in some areas Bus Passengers have had the worst of it such as Oxfordshire, as to the Bus Pass the technology on buses is not up to scratch, where you place your card on one machine ,and then on another to record your actual journey unlike the Oyster Card , where your journey length is taken from the amount you have put on the Oyster Card yourself money wise.