I would definitely not agree to doing an extra day's work a week because another member of staff has moved on. It is management's job to get a replacement, not yours and definitely not your colleague's job to 'manage' you into the vacant slot.
All I can say is that from past experience, if you step into the breach the 'temporary' solution is very likely to turn into a 'permanent' solution. You took on the hours which suited you and the Company in good faith if the situation has changed it is for the management to resolve it in ways which suit both them and staff. A change in your hours clearly doesn't suit you so stick to your guns or you may find yourself in an untenable position.