I regularly walked the three quarters of a mile to/from school alone from 6 or 7 years old. Half of it through a dark, wooded area, quite often alone.
I occasionally caught a bus home.
Certainly by ten/eleven, I was allowed to take a bus across the moors with a friend to the nearest small town with a swimming pool. I remember us walking the 3 miles home, having spent our return fare on sweets, but I probably didnt tell my mum about that.
I was allowed to take a bus to my grandma's by then, too - she lived just over 3 miles away, but the bus took a long route that I think took at least 40 minutes, then a ten minute walk.
By 12, I was allowed (with some reluctance to begin with from my mum) to go alone to the nearest large town, about 5 miles away. I loved that freedom to go around the shops on my own!
To be honest, I couldn't (and still can't) understand her reluctance on that one, as we were pretty much free-range children locally long before that age and doing far riskier things closer to home on a regular basis!
These things would have been in the late '60s/early '70s, as I started secondary school in '72.
I'm not suggesting that it would be wise to give young children so much freedom nowadays, as things are very different.
For a start, it was rare to see any men out and about back then beween 9 -5, as the vast majority of people worked very predictable hours, and the roads were very quiet for the same reason.
And it was very rare for children to set out to hurt other children. Yes, there were occasional scuffles between groups of boys, but these things were generally very minor, it wasnt usual to carry around some kind of weapon, or to set out with the intention of seriously injuring anyone as seems to be increasingly common nowadays.
However, despite these changes in society, I do think that some of today's parents are overprotective of their children to the point where it could affect their confidence and independence long term.