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In the 1950s, the primary physiological functions, often termed the "basic processes of life," were generally categorized as:
Organization: The condition of being structurally composed of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems working in cooperation, with each component having a specialized job.
Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body (both catabolism for breaking down substances and anabolism for building up) necessary to utilize energy.
Responsiveness: The ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and react to those changes (irritability).
Movement: The ability to move, which includes movement at the cellular level (e.g., molecules, blood) and the shortening of muscle fibers to move body parts or the entire organism.
Reproduction: The formation of new cells for growth, repair, and replacement (cellular reproduction), as well as the formation of a new organism (organismal reproduction) to ensure the survival of the species.
These functions, along with related processes like growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion, were considered essential to the survival of the individual and the continuation of the human race.