There will be arguments about what should be in the curriculum until the cows come home. It depends very much on how people perceive the purpose of education.
As far as I am aware, the only compulsory subject in England and Wales (sorry, don't know about Scotland) is RE, which must be taught but not necessarily to exam level.
Academy chains have their own systems which they impose on their schools, but schools are free to have their own option systems. The days of the National Curriculum imposing subjects are long gone.
Nevertheless, most secondary schools have a similar offering. Maths, English and Science are compulsory, along with PE and RE.
The number and flexibility of option choices varies. Some schools make a humanity and a foreign language compulsory. Pupils usually have a choice of three or four options.
Subjects in the option blocks usually include art, music, drama, DT, IT, languages (if not a compulsory subject), geography, history and possibly a range of vocational subjects, such as childcare.
It is still possible for pupils to choose two foreign languages in some schools, but it depends whether they've had the opportunity to learn them in the first two or three years of secondary school. Some schools try to do short courses, generally without much success.
I currently work with pupils from about 10 different schools (state and independent) and I know how their curriculum works.