It doesn't annoy me but I dislike 'insightful' so beloved of my American friends, when there is a perfectly good English word, 'perceptive'.
As for 'How are you?' being answered with 'Good' - I think we have to clarify the querstion.
Do you mean 'Am I alive?' It should be obvious.
Do you mean, 'How is my health?' My health is good, thank you.
So when you ask, 'How are you?' just what do you mean by "how"?
It implies a state of existence in some way or degree, to which 'good' is just one possible, and quite correct, answer.
'How do you do?' always meant 'How is your health?'
My mother never failed to reply, 'How do I do what?'