HildaW - spot on. If a 2 year old hits and gets a dramatic reaction that is exactly what is rewarding the hitting behaviour.
"Catch him doing something good" T on previous page, I agree.
My GS was a bit of a nightmare at nearly 3. Saying No, throwing his weight around, asking for things in a whiny voice and, worst of all, running off, really fast, in crowded places.
2 year olds are attempting to rule the universe - and they are finding out just which bits they can control.
I was over there for 5 weeks (and parents happy for me to intervene - only too happy). Oh and we were on a timetable to get him potty trained to meet requirements of nursery too.
I concentrated on:
trying to use positive language all the time - trying never to say NO - the N word - 2 year olds hear it so much. And strictly avoiding the other N word - Naughty
Instead telling him he was a Good boy - he was starting to see himself as a naughty one
insisting he asked for things nicely with a Please Nana (he was a fluent talker)
and if he ran off, or did a sit down strike, in town, the thing he hated was to be picked up under my arm like a bit of baggage. Fortunately I could just about manage this.
(mum has now, at last, given up picking him up and carrying him on her hip - now he can walk 5 miles... but the carrying was rewarding the running off I think)
One day we saw a little lost boy talking to the police. We stood and talked about this at some length.
Another thing that made a huge difference, surprisingly, was on his 3rd birthday, after about 3 weeks of the above treatment, I had a grown up conversation about "big boys hold hands and walk with people.
While all this was going on, in between the wet pants and other accidents, I used to remind myself that he would be much better when he was 4. And he is really very easy now.