Many women now retired had fractured work histories, many with years spent at home with domestic responsibilities when they could not afford even to keep up voluntary contributions to the state scheme..
I worked for seven years before I had children and paid into pension schemes throughout those times, but I changed my job several times and, at that time, if you did not contribute into a scheme for 5 years when you left your contributions were returned, so I have no pension to show for those years. That rule has gone now but people like me still suffer from when it was in place.
When I came back to work I came back part time, as many women do, and was excluded from the company pension scheme because I was a part timer, again that has changed, but that is of no use to me or people like me who worked part time.
When I did go back to work full time I was fortunate, I worked at a senior level for a big company. I had a good salary and as well as paying into a well funded and managed scheme I was also able to afford to make substantial AVCs, which was fortunate, as I was made redundant in my early 50s and although I then continued to pay voluntary contributions to the state scheme when not working, I never again before reaching retirement age had any kind of work that provided an opportunity to pay into a pension scheme.
My employment history is not untypical of women who are now retired, I am fortunate that when I did return to work I was well paid and could make contributions, but relatively few women in my generation had that advantage.
That is why so many women have very small pensions and some justly feel aggrieved at how little they have to live on.