Have you tried the Hydrocolloid ones? They are clear plastic and softer than usual ones. Boots sell them in different sizes and shapes. I find they stick well but not sure how good they’d be on fingers. Good luck. .
I have a problem with my thumbs (and sometimes fingers) in that the ends split all the time - and it is jolly painful, especially with all this handwashing. The only way to help them heal is to cover them, but no plasters will stick beyond one handwashing.