In both cases they can’t create unlimited money if the BoE did it would loose confidence of investors. Commercial banks are restricted by minimum letie59nding rate and reserves set by BoE.
Katie59
I posted the account of Credit Suisse's recapitalisation after the GFC to demonstrate that banks can, and do, create huge amounts of money without any problem. Credit Suisse created 7billion of their currency to lend to the Gulf investors so that the investors could but their preference shares.! Do you not understand the significance of that 'story'? In effect, it was just an accounting fiction. However, the bank was recapitalised because the investors used the money the bank 'lent' them to buy the shares, the created money returned to the bank via their purchases, to recapitalise it and the investors got a valuable asset without having to pay for it.
Werner does point out that such a transaction would be illegal in many jurisdictions, but Credit Suisse was entirely open about what they had done and it had no adverse effect. Werner suspects that Barclay's bank did a similar thing, but not so openly...
The Bank of England has no effectual control over the amount of money that the commercial banks create as loans.
From Werner's paper again:
According to analysts at Italian bank Mediobanca, such bank loans to new bank share investors were a "fairly common practice... during the crisis", whereby Credit Suisse may have been unusual in disclosing this and obtaining regulatory approval. Either way, banks in this way created their own capital out of nothing, thus making nonsense of capital adequacy regulations.
We learn from this that under the right circumstances it is possible even for an individual bank to show almost any amount of capital to regulators. It is even more easily possible for the whole banking system collectively to do likewise, without directly contravening the Companies Act. Since during boom times an increasing amount of money is created by banks (hence the boom), some of that can be siphoned off by banks to bolster their capital by issuing new equity. The regulators seem unaware of this fact,...
You really should read the paper... Werner is a professor of banking and economics, after all. I think he knows what he is talking about. He does like to base what he says on empirical research.
The banks' reserve accounts have nothing to do with limiting the amount of money the banks can create. They exist to facilitate interbank operations (such as 'clearing') and as a mechanism for paying government bills. The BoE puts created money into reserves to cover the transactions but the money itself never leaves the reserve accounts, it just gets transferred between individual banks reserves.
UK bank reserves are very high because of the guarantee the government gave after the GFC that in the case of a bank failure all customers' deposits up to the value of £85,000 would be refunded to them. The reserves have to be sufficient to cover this guarantee and it was the BoE that put the required sums into the banks' reserve accounts. It created the money to do so.
I'm not sure who you mean when you talk about 'investors' who lose confidence. If you mean purchasers of government bonds (gilts) then they have shown no desire to get rid of these assets because they are the safest investment possible because the government cannot run out of the money it creates.
If you're talking about investors in UK who invest in current businesses and startups, or foreign businesses setting up operations in the UK we have already covered them. They're for the most part not investing because our sluggish economy and poor future prospects don't offer them the returns they want from their investment.