Boz - and others.
Re Roman Catholicism and celibacy- I just looked this up with my Gemini and here's what it says:
While the ideal of celibacy was present in the early Church, it didn't become a universally enforced requirement for the Roman Catholic clergy until the High Middle Ages, specifically around the 11th and 12th centuries.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
* Early Church (1st - 4th Centuries): While figures like Jesus and Paul spoke of the merits of celibacy for those dedicated to God's work, there was no strict rule mandating it for all clergy. Many early Church leaders, including some apostles, were married. However, there was a growing emphasis on sexual continence, particularly for bishops and priests involved in liturgical duties. Local councils, like the Council of Elvira (c. 306 AD), began to issue decrees encouraging or even requiring abstinence from sexual relations for clergy, especially before celebrating Mass.
* Gradual Development (5th - 10th Centuries): Over the centuries, the idea of celibacy as more fitting for the clergy gained traction. Several factors contributed to this, including:
* Influence of monasticism: The rise of monastic orders, where vows of chastity were central, provided a model of dedicated service.
* Concerns about Church property: There were worries that the inheritance of Church property by priests' offspring would lead to its fragmentation and loss of control.
* Growing emphasis on the sacredness of the Eucharist: Some believed that sexual abstinence was necessary for those handling the holy mysteries.
* Formal Enforcement (11th - 12th Centuries): The push for mandatory celibacy intensified during the Gregorian Reforms of the 11th century. Popes like Gregory VII strongly advocated for it as a way to combat corruption, simony (the buying and selling of Church offices), and the perceived worldliness of the clergy.
* First Lateran Council (1123): This council declared clerical marriages invalid.
* Second Lateran Council (1139): This council further solidified the rule, making celibacy a universal requirement for ordination in the Western Church.
It's important to note that even after these councils, the enforcement of celibacy wasn't always uniform or universally accepted. There were instances of married priests and ongoing debates for centuries. However, these councils mark the point where celibacy became the official and increasingly enforced discipline for Roman Catholic priests.
The Eastern Catholic Churches, in communion with Rome, generally allow married men to be ordained as priests, reflecting the older traditions of the Church. However, they typically do not allow priests to marry after ordination, and their bishops are usually chosen from celibate clergy.
So yes, formal enforcement from 11th century.