I think I understand what you are asking.
The John Lewis credit card is a badged Mastercard that you can use anywhere which has rewards that you can use in JL stores.
You want to find a badged Visa credit card which offers the same facility to pay what is owing with a debit card which is not linked to an online banking account.
money.co.uk top ten credit cards for February 2023 are mostly Mastercards. Barclaycard Rewards is the only Visa I can see which offers ... rewards. Here’s the shortened link:
tinyurl.com/yckhjj94
The instructions (see image) for paying seem to suggest that you can pay with a debit card without using online banking:
www.barclaycard.co.uk/personal/customer/managing-your-barclaycard-online/online-servicing#paybill
but would need to be confirmed.
As for paying a credit card debt online with a debit card, the only thing I would be wary of are keylogger viruses which track your keystrokes as you type. If you keep your antivirus software up to date, run regular virus checks, monitor your bank account regularly and don't keep more money in it than you can afford to lose if you were to be caught out, that's all you can do - other than paying another way which you have made clear you do not want to do.
My only other word of caution (if I am undertanding the question) would be about obtaining multiple credit cards as each additional card could knock back your credit score. This may seem unimportant if you do not intent to do any major borrowing but it can sometimes prevent a swap to better credit card deals.
I found that out to my cost some years ago after taking a Debenhams store card just to get a 10% discount on a major purchase. I intended to pay the bill in full and never use the card again, which is what did. A year or so later, when my bank alerted me to a credit card which offered better rewards than the one I had, I didn’t envisage any problems making the swap. However, when they did the obligatory credit check, I was refused. This was a shock as I always pay my credit card bill in full each month and have no other debt.
I took it up with Experian who said it was because I had obtained the store card. It simply looks to their system as though someone is acquiring the means to incur debt even if they are not doing so. They said I would had to wait five years, all other things remaining the same, before the dip in my credit rating bounced back again. After explaining the circumstances to my bank, I was able to swap to the better card. This was years ago. Hopefully, Experian and other credit rating systems are programmed more intelligently now but worth bearing in mind.