I am so sad that, while the reports of boys behaviour in schools and universities are all across the news we are going round and round about what happens if two people have been drinking. We all have responsibilities and it is up to both parents and schools to ensure that children and young people are aware of this.
Firstly, under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 a child under 13 years old is held not to be able to consent to sexual activity even if she expressed consent or believes that she is able to decide whether or not to consent to sexual activity. And yes, some of the children coming forward were under 13 at the time.
A person who is between the ages of 13 and 16 has the capacity or ability to consent to sexual activity but it is against the law for her or him to do so. And again, yes, some of the young people coming forward were under the age of 16.
Having the freedom to choose means being able to exercise real choice about whether to engage in sexual activity or not. Threats or peer pressure take away that "real choice".
Having the capacity to choose refers to the ability a person has to make a particular choice. The fact that a woman has voluntarily consumed alcohol or another substance may affect her capacity to consent to sexual activity. For an offence to have been committed the defendant must not have reasonably believed that the complainant consented to the sexual activity. Whether the defendant’s belief in the complainant’s consent is reasonable or not is determined by looking at all the circumstances of the case. This includes any steps that the defendant took to find out whether the complainant was consenting (such as asking her).
The SOA 2003 outlines certain situations where, in law, it will be harder or impossible for the defendant to argue that the complainant consented to the activity and that the defendant reasonably believed that she consented. These include where the defendant deceives the complainant as to his identity or gives her a substance without her knowledge or consent that has the effect of overpowering her.
Sexual assault was one of the new offences created by the SOA 2003. Under section 3(1) SOA 2003 a defendant is guilty of sexual assault if:
*he intentionally touches the complainant;
*the touching is sexual;
*the complainant did not consent to the touching; and
*the defendant did not reasonably believe that the complainant consented.
Touching can be done with a part of the body, such as the defendant’s hand, or with an object. Touching can also be done through clothes. Touching includes penetration; so a defendant who kissed a woman without her consent using his tongue may have committed a sexual assault.
Under section 78 SOA 2003 touching or any other activity is “sexual” if a reasonable person would think that:
*the act is sexual by its nature; or
*the act may be sexual and because of the circumstances in which it occurred or the purpose the defendant has, or both, it is sexual.
Sexual intercourse is an act that is sexual by its very nature. However, if the touching is not sexual by its nature, for example, touching a part of someone’s body through clothes, whether it is considered to be sexual or not will depend on:
*the circumstances of the touching (for example, where the touching occurred, what was touched and with what); and/or
*the defendant’s purpose.
I will stop there but this just shows why these things must be taught in schools.