A filibuster is just a procedure that halts any business from being done on the Senate floor.
From wiki: A filibuster is a political procedure in which one or more members of a legislative body prolong debate on proposed legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision. It is sometimes referred to as "talking a bill to death" or "talking out a bill",[1] and is characterized as a form of obstruction in a legislature or other decision-making body.
It was first used in 1789, so a long history.
In response, the Senate designed cloture.
"In 1917, with frustration mounting and at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, senators adopted a rule (Senate Rule 22) that allowed the Senate to invoke cloture and limit debate with a two-thirds majority vote. This rule was first put to the test in 1919, when the Senate invoked cloture to end a filibuster against the Treaty of Versailles."
The problem is that once cloture is instituted, it will force a vote but need a 2/3 majority to pass.
Neither side wants to give up the process because getting 2/3 of Senate on board is not an achievable objective with such divided politics now.
The Senate website has a ton of information about it if you want to go more in depth.
www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/filibusters-cloture/overview.htm
1. The record for the longest filibuster goes to U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina who, according to U.S. Senate records, spoke for 24 hours and 18 minutes against the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
2. U.S. Sen. Alfonse D'Amato of New York conducted the second-longest filibuster. He spoke for 23 hours and 30 minutes to stall debate on an important military bill in 1986.
3. U.S. Sen. Wayne Morse of Oregon, described as a "blunt-spoken, iconoclastic populist," conducted the third-longest filibuster in American political history.
According to U.S. Senate archives, Morse spoke for 22 hours and 26 minutes to stall debate on the Tidelands Oil bill in 1953.
4. The record of the fourth-longest filibuster in American political history belongs to U.S. Sen. Robert La Follette Sr. of Wisconsin, who spoke for 18 hours and 23 minutes to stall debate in 1908.
5. U.S. Sen. William Proxmire of Wisconsin spoke for 16 hours and 12 minutes to stall a debate on increasing the public debt ceiling in 1981. His rant was the fifth-longest filibuster in American political history.
www.thoughtco.com/longest-filibusters-in-us-history-3322332